Who Framed Roger Rabbit (film): Difference between revisions

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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#External_links 11 External links]

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==~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=1 edit]]~~ Plot==

==Plot==

In 1947, cartoon characters, commonly called "toons", are living beings who act out cartoons in the same way that human actors make [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action live-action] production. Toons interact freely with humans and live in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toontown Toontown], an area near [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood Hollywood], California. R. K. Maroon is the human owner of Maroon Cartoon studios; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit Roger Rabbit] is a fun-loving toon rabbit, one of Maroon's stars; Roger's wife Jessica is a gorgeous toon woman; and Baby Herman is Roger's costar, a 50-year-old toon who looks like an infant. Marvin Acme is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_joke practical joke]-loving owner of Toontown and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_Corporation Acme Corporation].

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Eddie, Jessica, and Roger are captured by Doom and his weasels and held at the Acme Factory, where Doom reveals his plan. Since he owns Cloverleaf and Acme's will has yet to turn up, he will take control of Toontown and destroy it with a mobile Dip-sprayer to make room for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway freeway], then force people to use it by dismantling the trolley fleet and make a fortune through a series of businesses built to appeal to the motorists. With Roger and Jessica tied up, Eddie performs a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville vaudeville] act that makes the weasels literally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_from_laughter die of laughter] and confronts Doom. Doom survives being run over by a steamroller, revealing that he himself is a toon and admitting that he killed Teddy. Eddie eventually dissolves Doom in Dip by opening the drain on the Dip machine. As toons and the police arrive, Eddie discovers that an apparently blank piece of paper on which Roger wrote a love poem to Jessica is actually Acme's will, written in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_ink disappearing/reappearing ink]. Eddie kisses Roger—proving that he has regained his sense of humor—and the toons celebrate their victory.

==~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=2 edit]]~~ Cast==

==Cast==

Main article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_characters List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters]*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoskins Bob Hoskins] as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Valiant Eddie Valiant], an alcoholic private investigator who holds a grudge against Toons. Producer Steven Spielberg's first choice for Eddie Valiant was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford Harrison Ford], but Ford's price was too high. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray Bill Murray] was also considered for the role; however, due to his method of receiving offers for roles he missed out.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 [3]]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fleischer Charles Fleischer] provides the voice of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit Roger Rabbit], an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-list A-list] Toon working for Maroon Cartoons. Roger is framed for the murder of Marvin Acme, and requests Eddie's help in proving his innocence. To facilitate Hoskins' performance, Fleischer dressed in a Roger bunny suit and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 [4]] Animation director Richard Williams explained Roger Rabbit was a combination of "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery Tex Avery]'s cashew nut-shaped head, the swatch of red hair...like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy Droopy]'s, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy Goofy]'s overalls, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig Porky Pig]'s bow tie, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse Mickey Mouse]'s gloves and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny Bugs Bunny] like cheeks and ears."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]] Fleischer also provides the voices of Benny the Cab and two members of Doom's Weasel Gang, Psycho and Greasy. Lou Hirsch, who supplied the voice for Baby Herman, was the original choice for Benny the Cab, but was replaced by Fleischer.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 [4]]

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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lander David Lander] provides the voice of Smart Ass, the leader of the weasels.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_LeParmentier Richard LeParmentier] has a small role as Lt. Santino. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Silver Joel Silver] makes a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance cameo appearance] as Raoul, a director frustrated with Roger Rabbit's antics. Archive sound of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra Frank Sinatra] performing "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_(song) Witchcraft]" was used for the Singing Sword. In addition to David Lander as Smart Ass and Charles Fleischer as Greasy and Psycho, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Newman_(actor) Fred Newman] voiced Stupid and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Foray June Foray] voiced Wheezy. Foray also voiced Lena Hyena, a hag Toon woman who resembles Jessica Rabbit and provides a comical role which shows her falling for Eddie and pursuing him. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Blanc Mel Blanc] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny Bugs Bunny], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy_Duck Daffy Duck], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweety_Bird Tweety Bird], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig Porky Pig] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_(Looney_Tunes) Sylvester]. ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' was one of the final films in which Blanc voiced these characters before his death in 1989. Animation director [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(animator) Richard Williams] voices [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy Droopy]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Alaskey Joe Alaskey] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Sam Yosemite Sam] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghorn_Leghorn Foghorn Leghorn]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Allwine Wayne Allwine] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse Mickey Mouse], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pope Tony Pope] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf_(Disney) The Big Bad Wolf] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy Goofy], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi_Taylor Russi Taylor] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse Minnie Mouse], Cherry Davis voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Woodpecker Woody Woodpecker], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Anselmo Tony Anselmo] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck Donald Duck], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker Frank Welker] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo Dumbo], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Questel Mae Questel] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop Betty Boop].

==~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=3 edit]]~~ Production==

==Production==

===~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=4 edit]]~~ Development===

===Development===

Walt Disney Pictures purchased the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_rights film rights] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_K._Wolf Gary K. Wolf]'s novel ''Who Censored Roger Rabbit?'' shortly after its publication in 1981. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_W._Miller Ron W. Miller], then president of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company The Walt Disney Company] saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment) blockbuster].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-War-5 [6]] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were hired to write the script, penning two drafts. Robert Zemeckis offered his services as director in 1982,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]] but Disney acknowledged that his previous films (''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Hold_Your_Hand_(film) I Wanna Hold Your Hand]'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_Cars Used Cars]'') were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb box office bombs], and thus let him go.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] The project was revamped in 1985 by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner Michael Eisner], the then-new CEO of Disney. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment Amblin Entertainment], which consisted of Steven Spielberg, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(film_producer) Frank Marshall] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(film_producer) Kathleen Kennedy], were approached to produce ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' alongside Disney. The original budget was projected at $50 million, which Disney felt was too expensive.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 [3]]

''Roger Rabbit'' was finally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlight greenlit] when the budget went down to $29.9 million, which at the time, still made it the most expensive animated film ever greenlit.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 [3]] Disney executive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg Jeffrey Katzenberg] argued that the hybrid of live action and animation would "save" Disney's animation department. Spielberg's contract included an extensive amount of creative control and a large percentage of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office box office] profits. Disney kept all merchandising rights.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 [3]] Spielberg convinced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. Warner Bros.], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_Studios Fleischer Studios], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate King Features Syndicate], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_the_Cat_Productions Felix the Cat Productions], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment Turner Entertainment], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios Universal Pictures]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions Walter Lantz Productions] to "lend" their characters to appear in the film with (in some cases) stipulations on how those characters were portrayed; for example, Disney's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck Donald Duck] and Warner's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy_Duck Daffy Duck] appear as equally-talented dueling pianists, and Mickey Mouse and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny Bugs Bunny] also share a scene. (Apart from this agreement, Warner Bros. and the various other companies were not involved in the production of ''Roger Rabbit''.) However, Spielberg was not able to acquire the rights to use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye Popeye], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry Tom and Jerry], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lulu Little Lulu], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost Casper the Friendly Ghost] or the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrytoons Terrytoons] (except [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse Mighty Mouse]) for appearances from their respective owners (King Features, Turner, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Publishing Western Publishing], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Comics Harvey Comics] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom Viacom]).[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam Terry Gilliam] was offered the chance to direct, but he found the project too technically challenging. ("Pure laziness on my part," he later admitted, "I completely regret that decision.")[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-6 [7]] Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985, based on the success of ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone Romancing the Stone]'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Future Back to the Future]''. Richard Williams was hired to direct the animation sequences.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 [3]]

===~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=5 edit]]~~ Writing===

===Writing===

Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired. For inspiration, the two writers studied the work of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney Walt Disney] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons Warner Bros. Cartoons] from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_American_animation Golden Age of American animation], especially Tex Avery and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Clampett Bob Clampett] cartoons. ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film) Chinatown]'' influenced the storyline. The subplot involving "Cloverleaf" was the planned story for the third chapter of a ''Chinatown'' trilogy (the trilogy was abandoned following the failure of 1990's ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Jakes The Two Jakes]'').[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]] Price and Seaman said that "the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Car Red Car] plot, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb suburb] expansion, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culture urban] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption political corruption] really did happen," Price stated. "In Los Angeles, during the 1940s, car and tire companies [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_streetcar_scandal teamed up] against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Railway Pacific Electric Railway] system and bought them out of business. Where the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway freeway] runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] In Wolf's novel ''Who Censored Roger Rabbit?'', the Toons were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip comic strip] characters rather than movie stars.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]]

During the writing process, Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist antagonist]. They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain, but they made their final decision with newly-created character Judge Doom. Doom was supposed to have an animated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture vulture] sit on his shoulder, but this was deleted for technical challenges.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] Doom also had a suitcase of 12 small animated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroos kangaroos] that act as a jury, by having their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(marsupial)#Early_development joeys] pop out of their pouches, each with letters, which put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-script-7 [8]] Doom's five-man "Weasel Gang" (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy and Dopey) who appeared in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]'' (1937). Due to this there were originally seven weasels, but eventually two were deleted (Slimey and Flasher).[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] Further references included The "Ink and Paint Club" resembling the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Club_(New_York_City) Harlem Cotton Club], while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of "The Dip" to eliminate all the Toons as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Hitler]'s [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution Final Solution].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]] Judge Doom was originally the hunter that killed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi Bambi's] Mother, but Disney objected to the idea.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-script-7 [8]] Benny the Cab was first conceived to be a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle Volkswagen Beetle] before being changed to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab Taxicab]. There was a whole sequence where Marvin Acme had a funeral (which Eddie witnessed) in which [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghorn_Leghorn Foghorn Leghorn], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse Mickey Mouse], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse Minnie Mouse], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry Tom and Jerry], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckle_and_Jeckle Heckle and Jeckle], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_n%27_Dale Chip n' Dale], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse Mighty Mouse], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1940s_cartoons) Superman], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye Popeye], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Oyl Olive Oyl], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluto Bluto], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarabelle_Cow Clarabelle Cow] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film) The Seven Dwarfs] would have made cameo appearances. However the scene was cut for pacing reasons and never made it past the storyboard stage.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-script-7 [8]] Before finally agreeing on ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' as the film's title, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title working titles] included ''Murder in Toontown'', ''Toons'', ''Dead Toons Don't Pay Bills'', ''The Toontown Trial'', ''Trouble in Toontown'' and ''Eddie Goes to Toontown''.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-8 [9]]

===~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=6 edit]]~~ Filming===

===Filming===

Animation director Richard Williams admitted he was "openly disdainful of the Disney [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy bureaucracy]"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Katz-9 [10]] and refused to work in Los Angeles. To accommodate him and his animators, production was moved to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios Elstree Studios] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire Hertfordshire], England. Disney and Spielberg also told Williams that in return for doing ''Roger Rabbit'', they would help distribute his uncompleted film ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler The Thief and the Cobbler]''.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Katz-9 [10]] Supervising animators included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Baer Dale Baer], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baxter_(animator) James Baxter], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowers_(director) David Bowers], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Deja Andreas Deja], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jenkins_(film_producer) Chris Jenkins], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Nibbelink Phil Nibbelink], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Ranieri Nik Ranieri] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wells Simon Wells]. The animation production, headed by associate producer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hahn Don Hahn], was split between Richard Williams' London studio and a studio in Los Angeles supervised by Dale Baer.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-10 [11]] The production budget continued to escalate while the shooting schedule lapsed longer than expected. When the budget was reaching $40 million, Disney president Michael Eisner heavily considered shutting down production, but [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg Jeffrey Katzenberg] talked him out of it.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Katz-9 [10]] Despite the escalating budget, Disney moved forward on production because they were enthusiastic to work with Spielberg.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistaVision VistaVision] cameras installed with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_control motion control] technology were used for the photography of the live-action scenes which would be composited with animation. Rubber mannequins of Roger Rabbit, Baby Herman and the Weasels would portray the animated characters during rehearsals in order to teach the actors where to look when acting with "open air and imaginative cartoon characters".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 [4]] Many of the live-action props held by cartoon characters were shot on set with either robotic arms holding the props or the props were manipulated by strings, similar to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionette marionette].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] The voice actors of the animated characters would perform off camera, giving "real time performances". The voice of Roger, Charles Fleischer insisted on wearing a Roger Rabbit costume while on the set, in order to get into character.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 [4]] Filming began on December 5, 1986, and lasted for 7½ months at Elstree Studios, with an additional four weeks in Los Angeles and at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic Industrial Light & Magic] (ILM) for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key blue screen] effects of Toontown.

===~~[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=7 edit]]~~ Animation===

===Animation===

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production Post-production] lasted for one year.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] First, the animators and lay-out artists rotographed the live action scene. Rotographing is a process where the animators are given black and white stills of the live action scenes (known as "photo stats"), then their animation papers are placed on top of them, and the artists draw in relationship to the live action images. Due to Zemeckis's dynamic camera moves, the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not "slipping and slipping all over the place"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 [4]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 [5]] After rough animation was complete, it would run through the normal process of traditional animation until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cels cels] were shot on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_camera Rostrum camera] with no background. The footage of the cartoon characters was then sent to ILM, where technicians would animate three lighting layers (Shadows, Grimm lights and Tone Mattes) separately, later [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_printer optically printed] onto the toons. This made them look more three-dimensional and gave the illusion of the characters being affected by the lights on set.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 [4]] Finally the cartoon characters were optically composited onto the live action footage. One of the most difficult effects in the movie was Jessica's dress in the night club scene because it had flashing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequin sequins], an effect created by filtering light through a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag plastic bag] scratched with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_wool steel wool].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 [1]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 [3]

[[Category:Animation films]]

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#External_links <u>11 External links</u>]
 |}
-==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=1 <u>edit</u>]] Plot==
+==Plot==
 In 1947, cartoon characters, commonly called "toons", are living beings who act out cartoons in the same way that human actors make [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action <u>live-action</u>] production. Toons interact freely with humans and live in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toontown <u>Toontown</u>], an area near [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood <u>Hollywood</u>], California. R. K. Maroon is the human owner of Maroon Cartoon studios; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit <u>Roger Rabbit</u>] is a fun-loving toon rabbit, one of Maroon's stars; Roger's wife Jessica is a gorgeous toon woman; and Baby Herman is Roger's costar, a 50-year-old toon who looks like an infant. Marvin Acme is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_joke <u>practical joke</u>]-loving owner of Toontown and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_Corporation <u>Acme Corporation</u>].
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 Eddie, Jessica, and Roger are captured by Doom and his weasels and held at the Acme Factory, where Doom reveals his plan. Since he owns Cloverleaf and Acme's will has yet to turn up, he will take control of Toontown and destroy it with a mobile Dip-sprayer to make room for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway <u>freeway</u>], then force people to use it by dismantling the trolley fleet and make a fortune through a series of businesses built to appeal to the motorists. With Roger and Jessica tied up, Eddie performs a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville <u>vaudeville</u>] act that makes the weasels literally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_from_laughter <u>die of laughter</u>] and confronts Doom. Doom survives being run over by a steamroller, revealing that he himself is a toon and admitting that he killed Teddy. Eddie eventually dissolves Doom in Dip by opening the drain on the Dip machine. As toons and the police arrive, Eddie discovers that an apparently blank piece of paper on which Roger wrote a love poem to Jessica is actually Acme's will, written in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_ink <u>disappearing/reappearing ink</u>]. Eddie kisses Roger—proving that he has regained his sense of humor—and the toons celebrate their victory.
-==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=2 <u>edit</u>]] Cast==
+==Cast==
 Main article: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_characters <u>List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters</u>]*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoskins <u>Bob Hoskins</u>] as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Valiant <u>Eddie Valiant</u>], an alcoholic private investigator who holds a grudge against Toons. Producer Steven Spielberg's first choice for Eddie Valiant was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford <u>Harrison Ford</u>], but Ford's price was too high. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray <u>Bill Murray</u>] was also considered for the role; however, due to his method of receiving offers for roles he missed out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_2-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 <u>[3</u>]]</sup>
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fleischer <u>Charles Fleischer</u>] provides the voice of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit <u>Roger Rabbit</u>], an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-list <u>A-list</u>] Toon working for Maroon Cartoons. Roger is framed for the murder of Marvin Acme, and requests Eddie's help in proving his innocence. To facilitate Hoskins' performance, Fleischer dressed in a Roger bunny suit and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ears_3-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 <u>[4</u>]]</sup> Animation director Richard Williams explained Roger Rabbit was a combination of "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery <u>Tex Avery</u>]'s cashew nut-shaped head, the swatch of red hair...like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy <u>Droopy</u>]'s, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy <u>Goofy</u>]'s overalls, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig <u>Porky Pig</u>]'s bow tie, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse <u>Mickey Mouse</u>]'s gloves and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny <u>Bugs Bunny</u>] like cheeks and ears."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup> Fleischer also provides the voices of Benny the Cab and two members of Doom's Weasel Gang, Psycho and Greasy. Lou Hirsch, who supplied the voice for Baby Herman, was the original choice for Benny the Cab, but was replaced by Fleischer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ears_3-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 <u>[4</u>]]</sup>
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lander <u>David Lander</u>] provides the voice of Smart Ass, the leader of the weasels.
 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_LeParmentier <u>Richard LeParmentier</u>] has a small role as Lt. Santino. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Silver <u>Joel Silver</u>] makes a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance <u>cameo appearance</u>] as Raoul, a director frustrated with Roger Rabbit's antics. Archive sound of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra <u>Frank Sinatra</u>] performing "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_(song) <u>Witchcraft</u>]" was used for the Singing Sword. In addition to David Lander as Smart Ass and Charles Fleischer as Greasy and Psycho, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Newman_(actor) <u>Fred Newman</u>] voiced Stupid and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Foray <u>June Foray</u>] voiced Wheezy. Foray also voiced Lena Hyena, a hag Toon woman who resembles Jessica Rabbit and provides a comical role which shows her falling for Eddie and pursuing him. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Blanc <u>Mel Blanc</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny <u>Bugs Bunny</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy_Duck <u>Daffy Duck</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweety_Bird <u>Tweety Bird</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig <u>Porky Pig</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_(Looney_Tunes) <u>Sylvester</u>]. ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' was one of the final films in which Blanc voiced these characters before his death in 1989. Animation director [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(animator) <u>Richard Williams</u>] voices [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droopy <u>Droopy</u>]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Alaskey <u>Joe Alaskey</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Sam <u>Yosemite Sam</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghorn_Leghorn <u>Foghorn Leghorn</u>]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Allwine <u>Wayne Allwine</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse <u>Mickey Mouse</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pope <u>Tony Pope</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf_(Disney) <u>The Big Bad Wolf</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy <u>Goofy</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi_Taylor <u>Russi Taylor</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse <u>Minnie Mouse</u>], Cherry Davis voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Woodpecker <u>Woody Woodpecker</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Anselmo <u>Tony Anselmo</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck <u>Donald Duck</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker <u>Frank Welker</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo <u>Dumbo</u>], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Questel <u>Mae Questel</u>] voiced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop <u>Betty Boop</u>].
-==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=3 <u>edit</u>]] Production==
+==Production==
-===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=4 <u>edit</u>]] Development===
+===Development===
 Walt Disney Pictures purchased the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_rights <u>film rights</u>] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_K._Wolf <u>Gary K. Wolf</u>]'s novel ''Who Censored Roger Rabbit?'' shortly after its publication in 1981. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_W._Miller <u>Ron W. Miller</u>], then president of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company <u>The Walt Disney Company</u>] saw it as a perfect opportunity to produce a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment) <u>blockbuster</u>].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-War_5-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-War-5 <u>[6</u>]]</sup> Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were hired to write the script, penning two drafts. Robert Zemeckis offered his services as director in 1982,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup> but Disney acknowledged that his previous films (''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Hold_Your_Hand_(film) <u>I Wanna Hold Your Hand</u>]'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_Cars <u>Used Cars</u>]'') were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb <u>box office bombs</u>], and thus let him go.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> The project was revamped in 1985 by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner <u>Michael Eisner</u>], the then-new CEO of Disney. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment <u>Amblin Entertainment</u>], which consisted of Steven Spielberg, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(film_producer) <u>Frank Marshall</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(film_producer) <u>Kathleen Kennedy</u>], were approached to produce ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' alongside Disney. The original budget was projected at $50 million, which Disney felt was too expensive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_2-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 <u>[3</u>]]</sup>
 ''Roger Rabbit'' was finally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlight <u>greenlit</u>] when the budget went down to $29.9 million, which at the time, still made it the most expensive animated film ever greenlit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_2-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 <u>[3</u>]]</sup> Disney executive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg <u>Jeffrey Katzenberg</u>] argued that the hybrid of live action and animation would "save" Disney's animation department. Spielberg's contract included an extensive amount of creative control and a large percentage of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office <u>box office</u>] profits. Disney kept all merchandising rights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_2-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 <u>[3</u>]]</sup> Spielberg convinced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. <u>Warner Bros.</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_Studios <u>Fleischer Studios</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate <u>King Features Syndicate</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_the_Cat_Productions <u>Felix the Cat Productions</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment <u>Turner Entertainment</u>], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios <u>Universal Pictures</u>]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions <u>Walter Lantz Productions</u>] to "lend" their characters to appear in the film with (in some cases) stipulations on how those characters were portrayed; for example, Disney's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck <u>Donald Duck</u>] and Warner's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daffy_Duck <u>Daffy Duck</u>] appear as equally-talented dueling pianists, and Mickey Mouse and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny <u>Bugs Bunny</u>] also share a scene. (Apart from this agreement, Warner Bros. and the various other companies were not involved in the production of ''Roger Rabbit''.) However, Spielberg was not able to acquire the rights to use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye <u>Popeye</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry <u>Tom and Jerry</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lulu <u>Little Lulu</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost <u>Casper the Friendly Ghost</u>] or the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrytoons <u>Terrytoons</u>] (except [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse <u>Mighty Mouse</u>]) for appearances from their respective owners (King Features, Turner, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Publishing <u>Western Publishing</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Comics <u>Harvey Comics</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom <u>Viacom</u>]).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam <u>Terry Gilliam</u>] was offered the chance to direct, but he found the project too technically challenging. ("Pure laziness on my part," he later admitted, "I completely regret that decision.")<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-6 <u>[7</u>]]</sup> Robert Zemeckis was hired to direct in 1985, based on the success of ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone <u>Romancing the Stone</u>]'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Future <u>Back to the Future</u>]''. Richard Williams was hired to direct the animation sequences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_2-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 <u>[3</u>]]</sup>
-===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=5 <u>edit</u>]] Writing===
+===Writing===
 Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were brought aboard to continue writing the script once Spielberg and Zemeckis were hired. For inspiration, the two writers studied the work of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney <u>Walt Disney</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons <u>Warner Bros. Cartoons</u>] from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_American_animation <u>Golden Age of American animation</u>], especially Tex Avery and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Clampett <u>Bob Clampett</u>] cartoons. ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film) <u>Chinatown</u>]'' influenced the storyline. The subplot involving "Cloverleaf" was the planned story for the third chapter of a ''Chinatown'' trilogy (the trilogy was abandoned following the failure of 1990's ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Jakes <u>The Two Jakes</u>]'').<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup> Price and Seaman said that "the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Car <u>Red Car</u>] plot, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb <u>suburb</u>] expansion, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culture <u>urban</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption <u>political corruption</u>] really did happen," Price stated. "In Los Angeles, during the 1940s, car and tire companies [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_streetcar_scandal <u>teamed up</u>] against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Railway <u>Pacific Electric Railway</u>] system and bought them out of business. Where the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway <u>freeway</u>] runs in Los Angeles is where the Red Car used to be."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> In Wolf's novel ''Who Censored Roger Rabbit?'', the Toons were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip <u>comic strip</u>] characters rather than movie stars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup>
 During the writing process, Price and Seaman were unsure of whom to include as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist <u>antagonist</u>]. They wrote scripts that had either Jessica Rabbit or Baby Herman as the villain, but they made their final decision with newly-created character Judge Doom. Doom was supposed to have an animated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture <u>vulture</u>] sit on his shoulder, but this was deleted for technical challenges.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> Doom also had a suitcase of 12 small animated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroos <u>kangaroos</u>] that act as a jury, by having their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(marsupial)#Early_development <u>joeys</u>] pop out of their pouches, each with letters, which put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-script_7-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-script-7 <u>[8</u>]]</sup> Doom's five-man "Weasel Gang" (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy and Dopey) who appeared in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film) <u>Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</u>]'' (1937). Due to this there were originally seven weasels, but eventually two were deleted (Slimey and Flasher).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> Further references included The "Ink and Paint Club" resembling the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Club_(New_York_City) <u>Harlem Cotton Club</u>], while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of "The Dip" to eliminate all the Toons as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler <u>Hitler</u>]'s [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution <u>Final Solution</u>].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-7">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup> Judge Doom was originally the hunter that killed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi <u>Bambi's</u>] Mother, but Disney objected to the idea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-script_7-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-script-7 <u>[8</u>]]</sup> Benny the Cab was first conceived to be a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle <u>Volkswagen Beetle</u>] before being changed to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab <u>Taxicab</u>]. There was a whole sequence where Marvin Acme had a funeral (which Eddie witnessed) in which [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghorn_Leghorn <u>Foghorn Leghorn</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse <u>Mickey Mouse</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse <u>Minnie Mouse</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry <u>Tom and Jerry</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckle_and_Jeckle <u>Heckle and Jeckle</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_n%27_Dale <u>Chip n' Dale</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse <u>Mighty Mouse</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1940s_cartoons) <u>Superman</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye <u>Popeye</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Oyl <u>Olive Oyl</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluto <u>Bluto</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarabelle_Cow <u>Clarabelle Cow</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film) <u>The Seven Dwarfs</u>] would have made cameo appearances. However the scene was cut for pacing reasons and never made it past the storyboard stage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-script_7-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-script-7 <u>[8</u>]]</sup> Before finally agreeing on ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' as the film's title, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title <u>working titles</u>] included ''Murder in Toontown'', ''Toons'', ''Dead Toons Don't Pay Bills'', ''The Toontown Trial'', ''Trouble in Toontown'' and ''Eddie Goes to Toontown''.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-8 <u>[9</u>]]</sup>
-===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=6 <u>edit</u>]] Filming===
+===Filming===
 Animation director Richard Williams admitted he was "openly disdainful of the Disney [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy <u>bureaucracy</u>]"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Katz_9-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Katz-9 <u>[10</u>]]</sup> and refused to work in Los Angeles. To accommodate him and his animators, production was moved to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios <u>Elstree Studios</u>] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire <u>Hertfordshire</u>], England. Disney and Spielberg also told Williams that in return for doing ''Roger Rabbit'', they would help distribute his uncompleted film ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler <u>The Thief and the Cobbler</u>]''.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Katz_9-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Katz-9 <u>[10</u>]]</sup> Supervising animators included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Baer <u>Dale Baer</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baxter_(animator) <u>James Baxter</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowers_(director) <u>David Bowers</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Deja <u>Andreas Deja</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jenkins_(film_producer) <u>Chris Jenkins</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Nibbelink <u>Phil Nibbelink</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Ranieri <u>Nik Ranieri</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wells <u>Simon Wells</u>]. The animation production, headed by associate producer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hahn <u>Don Hahn</u>], was split between Richard Williams' London studio and a studio in Los Angeles supervised by Dale Baer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-10 <u>[11</u>]]</sup> The production budget continued to escalate while the shooting schedule lapsed longer than expected. When the budget was reaching $40 million, Disney president Michael Eisner heavily considered shutting down production, but [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg <u>Jeffrey Katzenberg</u>] talked him out of it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Katz_9-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Katz-9 <u>[10</u>]]</sup> Despite the escalating budget, Disney moved forward on production because they were enthusiastic to work with Spielberg.
 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VistaVision <u>VistaVision</u>] cameras installed with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_control <u>motion control</u>] technology were used for the photography of the live-action scenes which would be composited with animation. Rubber mannequins of Roger Rabbit, Baby Herman and the Weasels would portray the animated characters during rehearsals in order to teach the actors where to look when acting with "open air and imaginative cartoon characters".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ears_3-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 <u>[4</u>]]</sup> Many of the live-action props held by cartoon characters were shot on set with either robotic arms holding the props or the props were manipulated by strings, similar to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionette <u>marionette</u>].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> The voice actors of the animated characters would perform off camera, giving "real time performances". The voice of Roger, Charles Fleischer insisted on wearing a Roger Rabbit costume while on the set, in order to get into character.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ears_3-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 <u>[4</u>]]</sup> Filming began on December 5, 1986, and lasted for 7½ months at Elstree Studios, with an additional four weeks in Los Angeles and at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic <u>Industrial Light & Magic</u>] (ILM) for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key <u>blue screen</u>] effects of Toontown.
-===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit&action=edit&section=7 <u>edit</u>]] Animation===
+===Animation===
 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production <u>Post-production</u>] lasted for one year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-7">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> First, the animators and lay-out artists rotographed the live action scene. Rotographing is a process where the animators are given black and white stills of the live action scenes (known as "photo stats"), then their animation papers are placed on top of them, and the artists draw in relationship to the live action images. Due to Zemeckis's dynamic camera moves, the animators had to confront the challenge of ensuring the characters were not "slipping and slipping all over the place"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ears_3-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 <u>[4</u>]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comment_4-8">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-comment-4 <u>[5</u>]]</sup> After rough animation was complete, it would run through the normal process of traditional animation until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cels <u>cels</u>] were shot on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_camera <u>Rostrum camera</u>] with no background. The footage of the cartoon characters was then sent to ILM, where technicians would animate three lighting layers (Shadows, Grimm lights and Tone Mattes) separately, later [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_printer <u>optically printed</u>] onto the toons. This made them look more three-dimensional and gave the illusion of the characters being affected by the lights on set.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ears_3-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-ears-3 <u>[4</u>]]</sup> Finally the cartoon characters were optically composited onto the live action footage. One of the most difficult effects in the movie was Jessica's dress in the night club scene because it had flashing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequin <u>sequins</u>], an effect created by filtering light through a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag <u>plastic bag</u>] scratched with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_wool <u>steel wool</u>].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norman_0-8">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Norman-0 <u>[1</u>]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_2-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit#cite_note-Williams-2 <u>[3</u>]</sup>
 [[Category:Animation films]]